Personality Characteristics Of Self Efficacy Essay

Our study had many conclusions congruent with the findings found in our review of literature, but a portion of our research explored areas that the other studies did not. Self-efficacy was a factor studied in both Peterson (2009) and McLaughlin, et al., (2008) research studies. Although our research did not report self-efficacy scales, it did look at attributes related to self-efficacy, shown in Table 7, such as leadership, stress coping, and adaptation to change. These three factors each had a strong positive correlation with each other. However, similar to the findings of Peterson (2009), the data failed to show a significant correlation or relation to academic success (Peterson, 2009, p. 413). Our study also analyzed introverted personality characteristics compared to extraverted. Research has found lower scores associated with extraversion (McLaughlin et al., 2008, p. 218). In comparison, our data was inconclusive and insufficient enough to gain a thorough understanding of someon e’s personality. Table 3 shows the majority of 3.5 GPA study individually or in a small group. This could be considered an introverted way of studying, but there is not enough evidence to say so without a doubt. Other personality questions asked got an evenly distributed answer response, therefore were not used for analyzing. Based on previous studies, personality can be seen as an important characteristic; however our instrument lacked in validity to support this theory. Lancia (2013)Show MoreRelatedLeadership Is A Construct Used To Define The Relationship1725 Words   |  7 Pagesan understanding of human nature, including personalities, ethics, and motivations. At its core, leadership is about human interaction between leaders and followers, as such understand what motivates people and why, is important. 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The Main Reason For Collapsing Of Roman Empire And America

As Rome and America are the largest empire and country in their time, there are various similarities between them. Some similarities they both have are dominant power that both of them are powerful and have huge impact on other countries in their time and cultural diversity which they both have an open society made up of many people. Moreover, moral decline was the main reason for collapsing of Roman Emperor; America suffered the decline of moral value for a long time. In 2015, the decline of the moral is most considerable issue for America because the rate of single-parent families is rising and the greed in the corporations or organizations is increased as the same as Rome. Like the moral value decline in Rome was caused by the fall of father role in the families, America have been suffering from the moral decline because of the rise in the single-parent families. 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The Da Vinci Code Chapter 68-72 Free Essays

CHAPTER 68 New York editor Jonas Faukman had just climbed into bed for the night when the telephone rang. A little late for callers, he grumbled, picking up the receiver. An operator’s voice asked him,† Will you accept charges for a collect call from Robert Langdon?† Puzzled, Jonas turned on the light. We will write a custom essay sample on The Da Vinci Code Chapter 68-72 or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Uh†¦ sure, okay.† The line clicked. â€Å"Jonas?† â€Å"Robert? You wake me up and you charge me for it?† â€Å"Jonas, forgive me,† Langdon said. â€Å"I’ll keep this very short. I really need to know. The manuscript I gave you. Have you – â€Å" â€Å"Robert, I’m sorry, I know I said I’d send the edits out to you this week, but I’m swamped. Next Monday. I promise.† â€Å"I’m not worried about the edits. I need to know if you sent any copies out for blurbs without telling me?† Faukman hesitated. Langdon’s newest manuscript – an exploration of the history of goddess worship – included several sections about Mary Magdalene that were going to raise some eyebrows. Although the material was well documented and had been covered by others, Faukman had no intention of printing Advance Reading Copies of Langdon’s book without at least a few endorsements from serious historians and art luminaries. Jonas had chosen ten big names in the art world and sent them all sections of the manuscript along with a polite letter asking if they would be willing to write a short endorsement for the jacket. In Faukman’s experience, most people jumped at the opportunity to see their name in print. â€Å"Jonas?† Langdon pressed. â€Å"You sent out my manuscript, didn’t you?† Faukman frowned, sensing Langdon was not happy about it. â€Å"The manuscript was clean, Robert, and I wanted to surprise you with some terrific blurbs.† A pause. â€Å"Did you send one to the curator of the Paris Louvre?† â€Å"What do you think? Your manuscript referenced his Louvre collection several times, his books are in your bibliography, and the guy has some serious clout for foreign sales. Sauniere was a no-brainer.† The silence on the other end lasted a long time. â€Å"When did you send it?† â€Å"About a month ago. I also mentioned you would be in Paris soon and suggested you two chat. Did he ever call you to meet?† Faukman paused, rubbing his eyes. â€Å"Hold on, aren’t you supposed to bein Paris this week?† â€Å"I am in Paris.† Faukman sat upright. â€Å"You called me collect from Paris?† â€Å"Take it out of my royalties, Jonas. Did you ever hear back from Sauniere? Did he like the manuscript?† â€Å"I don’t know. I haven’t yet heard from him.† â€Å"Well, don’t hold your breath. I’ve got to run, but this explains a lot Thanks.† â€Å"Robert – â€Å"But Langdon was gone. Faukman hung up the phone, shaking his head in disbelief Authors, he thought. Even the sane ones are nuts. Inside the Range Rover, Leigh Teabing let out a guffaw. â€Å"Robert, you’re saying you wrote a manuscript that delves into a secret society, and your editor sent a copy to that secret society?† Langdon slumped. â€Å"Evidently.† â€Å"A cruel coincidence, my friend.† Coincidence has nothing to do with it, Langdon knew. Asking Jacques Sauniere to endorse a manuscript on goddess worship was as obvious as asking Tiger Woods to endorse a book on golf. Moreover, it was virtually guaranteed that any book on goddess worship would have to mention the Priory of Sion. â€Å"Here’s the million-dollar question,† Teabing said, still chuckling. â€Å"Was your position on the Priory favorable or unfavorable?† Langdon could hear Teabing’s true meaning loud and clear. Many historians questioned why the Priory was still keeping the Sangreal documents hidden. Some felt the information should have been shared with the world long ago. â€Å"I took no position on the Priory’s actions.† â€Å"You mean lack thereof.† Langdon shrugged. Teabing was apparently on the side of making the documents public. â€Å"I simply provided history on the brotherhood and described them as a modern goddess worship society, keepers of the Grail, and guardians of ancient documents.† Sophie looked at him. â€Å"Did you mention the keystone?† Langdon winced. He had. Numerous times. â€Å"I talked about the supposed keystone as an example of the lengths to which the Priory would go to protect the Sangreal documents.† Sophie looked amazed. â€Å"I guess that explains P. S. Find Robert Langdon.† Langdon sensed it was actually something else in the manuscript that had piqued Sauniere’s interest, but that topic was something he would discuss with Sophie when they were alone. â€Å"So,† Sophie said, â€Å"you lied to Captain Fache.† â€Å"What?† Langdon demanded. â€Å"You told him you had never corresponded with my grandfather.† â€Å"I didn’t! My editor sent him a manuscript.† â€Å"Think about it, Robert. If Captain Fache didn’t find the envelope in which your editor sent the manuscript, he would have to conclude that you sent it.† She paused. â€Å"Or worse, that you hand- delivered it and lied about it.† When the Range Rover arrived at Le Bourget Airfield, Remy drove to a small hangar at the far end of the airstrip. As they approached, a tousled man in wrinkled khakis hurried from the hangar, waved, and slid open the enormous corrugated metal door to reveal a sleek white jet within. Langdon stared at the glistening fuselage. â€Å"That’s Elizabeth?† Teabing grinned. â€Å"Beats the bloody Chunnel.† The man in khakis hurried toward them, squinting into the headlights. â€Å"Almost ready, sir,† he called in a British accent. â€Å"My apologies for the delay, but you took me by surprise and – † He stopped short as the group unloaded. He looked at Sophie and Langdon, and then Teabing. Teabing said, â€Å"My associates and I have urgent business in London. We’ve no time to waste. Please prepare to depart immediately.† As he spoke, Teabing took the pistol out of the vehicle and handed it to Langdon. The pilot’s eyes bulged at the sight of the weapon. He walked over to Teabing and whispered,† Sir, my humble apologies, but my diplomatic flight allowance provides only for you and your manservant. I cannot take your guests.† â€Å"Richard,† Teabing said, smiling warmly,† two thousand pounds sterling and that loaded gun say you can take my guests.† He motioned to the Range Rover. â€Å"And the unfortunate fellow in the back.† CHAPTER 69 The Hawker 731’s twin Garrett TFE-731 engines thundered, powering the plane skyward with gut- wrenching force. Outside the window, Le Bourget Airfield dropped away with startling speed. I’m fleeing the country, Sophie thought, her body forced back into the leather seat. Until this moment, she had believed her game of cat and mouse with Fache would be somehow justifiable to the Ministry of Defense. I was attempting to protect an innocent man.I was trying to fulfill my grandfather’s dying wishes.That window of opportunity, Sophie knew, had just closed. She was leaving the country, without documentation, accompanying a wanted man, and transporting abound hostage. If a† line of reason† had ever existed, she had just crossed it. At almost the speed of sound. Sophie was seated with Langdon and Teabing near the front of the cabin – the Fan Jet ExecutiveElite Design, according to the gold medallion on the door. Their plush swivel chairs were bolted to tracks on the floor and could be repositioned and locked around a rectangular hardwood table. A mini-boardroom. The dignified surroundings, however, did little to camouflage the less than dignified state of affairs in the rear of the plane where, in a separate seating area near the rest room, Teabing’s manservant Remy sat with the pistol in hand, begrudgingly carrying out Teabing’s orders to stand guard over the bloody monk who lay trussed at his feet like a piece of luggage. â€Å"Before we turn our attention to the keystone,† Teabing said,† I was wondering if you would permit me a few words.† He sounded apprehensive, like a father about to give the birds-and-the-bees lecture to his children. â€Å"My friends, I realize I am but a guest on this journey, and I am honored as such. And yet, as someone who has spent his life in search of the Grail, I feel it is my duty to warn you that you are about to step onto a path from which there is no return, regardless of the dangers involved.† He turned to Sophie. â€Å"Miss Neveu, your grandfather gave you this cryptex in hopes you would keep the secret of the Holy Grail alive.† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"Understandably, you feel obliged to follow the trail wherever it leads.† Sophie nodded, although she felt a second motivation still burning within her. The truth about my family.Despite Langdon’s assurances that the keystone had nothing to do with her past, Sophie still sensed something deeply personal entwined within this mystery, as if this cryptex, forged by her grandfather’s own hands, were trying to speak to her and offer some kind of resolution to the emptiness that had haunted her all these years. â€Å"Your grandfather and three others died tonight,† Teabing continued,† and they did so to keep this keystone away from the Church. Opus Dei came within inches tonight of possessing it. You understand, I hope, that this puts you in a position of exceptional responsibility. You have been handed a torch. A two-thousand-year-old flame that cannot be allowed to go out. This torch cannot fall into the wrong hands.† He paused, glancing at the rosewood box. â€Å"I realize you have been given no choice in this matter, Miss Neveu, but considering what is at stake here, you must either fully embrace this responsibility†¦ or you must pass that responsibility to someone else.† â€Å"My grandfather gave the cryptex to me. I’m sure he thought I could handle the responsibility.† Teabing looked encouraged but unconvinced. â€Å"Good. A strong will is necessary. And yet, I amcurious if you understand that successfully unlocking the keystone will bring with it a far greatertrial.† â€Å"How so?† â€Å"My dear, imagine that you are suddenly holding a map that reveals the location of the Holy Grail. In that moment, you will be in possession of a truth capable of altering history forever. You will be the keeper of a truth that man has sought for centuries. You will be faced with the responsibility of revealing that truth to the world. The individual who does so will be revered by many and despised by many. The question is whether you will have the necessary strength to carry out that task.† Sophie paused. â€Å"I’m not sure that is my decision to make.† Teabing’s eyebrows arched. â€Å"No? If not the possessor of the keystone, then who?† â€Å"The brotherhood who has successfully protected the secret for so long.† â€Å"The Priory?† Teabing looked skeptical. â€Å"But how? The brotherhood was shattered tonight. Decapitated, as you so aptly put it. Whether they were infiltrated by some kind of eavesdropping or by a spy within their ranks, we will never know, but the fact remains that someone got to them and uncovered the identities of their four top members. I would not trust anyone who stepped forward from the brotherhood at this point.† â€Å"So what do you suggest?† Langdon asked. â€Å"Robert, you know as well as I do that the Priory has not protected the truth all these years to have it gather dust until eternity. They have been waiting for the right moment in history to share their secret. A time when the world is ready to handle the truth.† â€Å"And you believe that moment has arrived?† Langdon asked. â€Å"Absolutely. It could not be more obvious. All the historical signs are in place, and if the Priory did not intend to make their secret known very soon, why has the Church now attacked?† Sophie argued,† The monk has not yet told us his purpose.† â€Å"The monk’s purpose is the Church’s purpose,† Teabing replied,† to destroy the documents that reveal the great deception. The Church came closer tonight than they have ever come, and the Priory has put its trust in you, Miss Neveu. The task of saving the Holy Grail clearly includes carrying out the Priory’s final wishes of sharing the truth with the world.† Langdon intervened. â€Å"Leigh, asking Sophie to make that decision is quite a load to drop on someone who only an hour ago learned the Sangreal documents exist.† Teabing sighed. â€Å"I apologize if I am pressing, Miss Neveu. Clearly I have always believed these documents should be made public, but in the end the decision belongs to you. I simply feel it is important that you begin to think about what happens should we succeed in opening the keystone.† â€Å"Gentlemen,† Sophie said, her voice firm. â€Å"To quote your words, ‘You do not find the Grail, the Grail finds you.’ I am going to trust that the Grail has found me for a reason, and when the time comes, I will know what to do.† Both of them looked startled. â€Å"So then,† she said, motioning to the rosewood box. â€Å"Let’s move on.† CHAPTER 70 Standing in the drawing room of Chateau Villette, Lieutenant Collet watched the dying fire and felt despondent. Captain Fache had arrived moments earlier and was now in the next room, yelling into the phone, trying to coordinate the failed attempt to locate the missing Range Rover. It could be anywhere by now, Collet thought. Having disobeyed Fache’s direct orders and lost Langdon for a second time, Collet was grateful that PTS had located a bullet hole in the floor, which at least corroborated Collet’s claims that a shot had been fired. Still, Fache’s mood was sour, and Collet sensed there would be dire repercussions when the dust settled. Unfortunately, the clues they were turning up here seemed to shed no light at all on what was going on or who was involved. The black Audi outside had been rented in a false name with false credit card numbers, and the prints in the car matched nothing in the Interpol database. Another agent hurried into the living room, his eyes urgent. â€Å"Where’s Captain Fache?† Collet barely looked up from the burning embers. â€Å"He’s on the phone.† â€Å"I’m off the phone,† Fache snapped, stalking into the room. â€Å"What have you got?† The second agent said,† Sir, Central just heard from Andre Vernet at the Depository Bank of Zurich. He wants to talk to you privately. He is changing his story.† â€Å"Oh?† Fache said. Now Collet looked up. â€Å"Vernet is admitting that Langdon and Neveu spent time inside his bank tonight.† â€Å"We figured that out,† Fache said. â€Å"Why did Vernet lie about it?† â€Å"He said he’ll talk only to you, but he’s agreed to cooperate fully.† â€Å"In exchange for what?† â€Å"For our keeping his bank’s name out of the news and also for helping him recover some stolen property. It sounds like Langdon and Neveu stole something from Sauniere’s account.† â€Å"What?† Collet blurted. â€Å"How?† Fache never flinched, his eyes riveted on the second agent. â€Å"What did they steal?† â€Å"Vernet didn’t elaborate, but he sounds like he’s willing to do anything to get it back.† Collet tried to imagine how this could happen. Maybe Langdon and Neveu had held a bank employee at gunpoint? Maybe they forced Vernet to open Sauniere’s account and facilitate an escape in the armored truck. As feasible as it was, Collet was having trouble believing Sophie Neveu could be involved in anything like that. From the kitchen, another agent yelled to Fache. â€Å"Captain? I’m going through Mr. Teabing’s speed dial numbers, and I’m on the phone with Le Bourget Airfield. I’ve got some bad news.† Thirty seconds later, Fache was packing up and preparing to leave Chateau Villette. He had just learned that Teabing kept a private jet nearby at Le Bourget Airfield and that the plane had taken off about a half hour ago. The Bourget representative on the phone had claimed not to know who was on the plane or where it was headed. The takeoff had been unscheduled, and no flight plan had been logged. Highly illegal, even for a small airfield. Fache was certain that by applying the right pressure, he could get the answers he was looking for. â€Å"Lieutenant Collet,† Fache barked, heading for the door. â€Å"I have no choice but to leave you in charge of the PTS investigation here. Try to do something right for a change.† CHAPTER 71 As the Hawker leveled off, with its nose aimed for England, Langdon carefully lifted the rosewood box from his lap, where he had been protecting it during takeoff. Now, as he set the box on the table, he could sense Sophie and Teabing leaning forward with anticipation. Unlatching the lid and opening the box, Langdon turned his attention not to the lettered dials of the cryptex, but rather to the tiny hole on the underside of the box lid. Using the tip of a pen, he carefully removed the inlaid Rose on top and revealed the text beneath it. Sub Rosa, he mused, hoping a fresh look at the text would bring clarity. Focusing all his energies, Langdon studied the strange text. The Da Vinci Code After several seconds, he began to feel the initial frustration resurfacing. â€Å"Leigh, I just can’t seem to place it.† From where Sophie was seated across the table, she could not yet see the text, but Langdon’s inability to immediately identify the language surprised her. My grandfather spoke a language so obscure that even a symbologist can’t identify it? She quickly realized she should not find this surprising. This would not be the first secret Jacques Sauniere had kept from his granddaughter. Opposite Sophie, Leigh Teabing felt ready to burst. Eager for his chance to see the text, he quivered with excitement, leaning in, trying to see around Langdon, who was still hunched over the box. â€Å"I don’t know,† Langdon whispered intently. â€Å"My first guess is a Semitic, but now I’m not so sure. Most primary Semitics include nekkudot.This has none.† â€Å"Probably ancient,† Teabing offered. â€Å"Nekkudot?† Sophie inquired. Teabing never took his eyes from the box. â€Å"Most modern Semitic alphabets have no vowels and use nekkudot – tiny dots and dashes written either below or within the consonants – to indicate what vowel sound accompanies them. Historically speaking, nekkudot are a relatively modern addition to language.† Langdon was still hovering over the script. â€Å"A Sephardic transliteration, perhaps†¦ ?† Teabing could bear it no longer. â€Å"Perhaps if I just†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Reaching over, he edged the box away from Langdon and pulled it toward himself. No doubt Langdon had a solid familiarity with the standard ancients – Greek, Latin, the Romances – but from the fleeting glance Teabing had of this language, he thought it looked more specialized, possibly a Rashi script or a STA’M with crowns. Taking a deep breath, Teabing feasted his eyes upon the engraving. He said nothing for a very long time. With each passing second, Teabing felt his confidence deflating. â€Å"I’m astonished,† he said.† This language looks like nothing I’ve ever seen!† Langdon slumped.† Might I see it?† Sophie asked. Teabing pretended not to hear her. â€Å"Robert, you said earlier that you thought you’d seen something like this before?† Langdon looked vexed. â€Å"I thought so. I’m not sure. The script looks familiar somehow.† â€Å"Leigh?† Sophie repeated, clearly not appreciating being left out of the discussion. â€Å"Might I have a look at the box my grandfather made?† â€Å"Of course, dear,† Teabing said, pushing it over to her. He hadn’t meant to sound belittling, and yet Sophie Neveu was light-years out of her league. If a British Royal Historian and a Harvard symbologist could not even identify the language – â€Å"Aah,† Sophie said, seconds after examining the box. â€Å"I should have guessed.† Teabing and Langdon turned in unison, staring at her.† Guessed what?† Teabing demanded. Sophie shrugged. â€Å"Guessed that this would be the language my grandfather would have used.† â€Å"You’re saying you can read this text?† Teabing exclaimed.† Quite easily,† Sophie chimed, obviously enjoying herself now. â€Å"My grandfather taught me this language when I was only six years old. I’m fluent.† She leaned across the table and fixed Teabing with an admonishing glare. â€Å"And frankly, sir, considering your allegiance to the Crown, I’m a little surprised you didn’t recognize it.† In a flash, Langdon knew. No wonder the script looks so damned familiar! Several years ago, Langdon had attended an event at Harvard’s Fogg Museum. Harvard dropout Bill Gates had returned to his alma mater to lend to the museum one of his priceless acquisitions – eighteen sheets of paper he had recently purchased at auction from the Armand Hammar Estate. His winning bid – a cool $30.8 million. The author of the pages – Leonardo Da Vinci. The eighteen folios – now known as Leonardo’s Codex Leicester after their famous owner, the Earl of Leicester – were all that remained of one of Leonardo’s most fascinating notebooks: essays and drawings outlining Da Vinci’s progressive theories on astronomy, geology, archaeology, and hydrology. Langdon would never forget his reaction after waiting in line and finally viewing the priceless parchment. Utter letdown. The pages were unintelligible. Despite being beautifully preserved and written in an impeccably neat penmanship – crimson ink on cream paper – the codex looked like gibberish. At first Langdon thought he could not read them because Da Vinci wrote his notebooks in an archaic Italian. But after studying them more closely, he realized he could not identify a single Italian word, or even one letter. â€Å"Try this, sir,† whispered the female docent at the display case. She motioned to a hand mirror affixed to the display on a chain. Langdon picked it up and examined the text in the mirror’s surface. Instantly it was clear. Langdon had been so eager to peruse some of the great thinker’s ideas that he had forgotten one of the man’s numerous artistic talents was an ability to write in a mirrored script that was virtually illegible to anyone other than himself. Historians still debated whether Da Vinci wrote this way simply to amuse himself or to keep people from peering over his shoulder and stealing his ideas, but the point was moot. Da Vinci did as he pleased. Sophie smiled inwardly to see that Robert understood her meaning. â€Å"I can read the first few words,† she said. â€Å"It’s English.† Teabing was still sputtering. â€Å"What’s going on?† â€Å"Reverse text,† Langdon said. â€Å"We need a mirror.† â€Å"No we don’t,† Sophie said. â€Å"I bet this veneer is thin enough.† She lifted the rosewood box up to a canister light on the wall and began examining the underside of the lid. Her grandfather couldn’t actually write in reverse, so he always cheated by writing normally and then flipping the paper over and tracing the reversed impression. Sophie’s guess was that he had wood-burned normal text into a block of wood and then run the back of the block through a sander until the wood was paper thin and the wood-burning could be seen through the wood. Then he’d simply flipped the piece over, and laid it in. As Sophie moved the lid closer to the light, she saw she was right. The bright beam sifted through the thin layer of wood, and the script appeared in reverse on the underside of the lid. Instantly legible.† English,† Teabing croaked, hanging his head in shame. â€Å"My native tongue.† At the rear of the plane, Remy Legaludec strained to hear beyond the rumbling engines, but the conversation up front was inaudible. Remy did not like the way the night was progressing. Not at all. He looked down at the bound monk at his feet. The man lay perfectly still now, as if in a trance of acceptance, or perhaps, in silent prayer for deliverance. CHAPTER 72 Fifteen thousand feet in the air, Robert Langdon felt the physical world fade away as all of his thoughts converged on Sauniere’s mirror-image poem, which was illuminated through the lid of the box. The Da Vinci Code Sophie quickly found some paper and copied it down longhand. When she was done, the three of them took turns reading the text. It was like some kind of archaeological crossword†¦ a riddle that promised to reveal how to open the cryptex. Langdon read the verse slowly. An ancient word of wisdom frees this scroll†¦ and helps us keep her scatter’d family whole†¦ a headstone praised by templars is the key†¦ and at bash will reveal the truth to thee. Before Langdon could even ponder what ancient password the verse was trying to reveal, he felt something far more fundamental resonate within him – the meter of the poem. Iambic pentameter. Langdon had come across this meter often over the years while researching secret societies across Europe, including just last year in the Vatican Secret Archives. For centuries, iambic pentameter had been a preferred poetic meter of outspoken literati across the globe, from the ancient Greek writer Archilochus to Shakespeare, Milton, Chaucer, and Voltaire – bold souls who chose to write their social commentaries in a meter that many of the day believed had mystical properties. The roots of iambic pentameter were deeply pagan. Iambs. Two syllables with opposite emphasis. Stressed and unstressed. Yin yang. A balanced pair. Arranged in strings of five. Pentameter. Five for the pentacle of Venus and the sacred feminine. â€Å"It’s pentameter!† Teabing blurted, turning to Langdon. â€Å"And the verse is in English! La lingua pura!† Langdon nodded. The Priory, like many European secret societies at odds with the Church, had considered English the only European pure language for centuries. Unlike French, Spanish, and Italian, which were rooted in Latin – the tongue of the Vatican – English was linguistically removed from Rome’s propaganda machine, and therefore became a sacred, secret tongue for those brotherhoods educated enough to learn it. â€Å"This poem,† Teabing gushed,† references not only the Grail, but the Knights Templar and the scattered family of Mary Magdalene! What more could we ask for?† â€Å"The password,† Sophie said, looking again at the poem. â€Å"It sounds like we need some kind of ancient word of wisdom?† â€Å"Abracadabra?† Teabing ventured, his eyes twinkling. A word of five letters, Langdon thought, pondering the staggering number of ancient words that might be considered words of wisdom – selections from mystic chants, astrological prophecies, secret society inductions, Wicca incantations, Egyptian magic spells, pagan mantras – the list was endless. â€Å"The password,† Sophie said, â€Å"appears to have something to do with the Templars.† She read the text aloud. † ‘A headstone praised by Templars is the key. ‘† â€Å"Leigh,† Langdon said, â€Å"you’re the Templar specialist. Any ideas?† Teabing was silent for several seconds and then sighed. â€Å"Well, a headstone is obviously a grave marker of some sort. It’s possible the poem is referencing a gravestone the Templars praised at the tomb of Magdalene, but that doesn’t help us much because we have no idea where her tomb is.† â€Å"The last line,† Sophie said,† says that Atbash will reveal the truth. I’ve heard that word. Atbash.† â€Å"I’m not surprised,† Langdon replied. â€Å"You probably heard it in Cryptology 101. The Atbash Cipher is one of the oldest codes known to man.† Of course! Sophie thought. The famous Hebrew encoding system. The Atbash Cipher had indeed been part of Sophie’s early cryptology training. The cipher dated back to 500 B. C. and was now used as a classroom example of a basic rotational substitution scheme. A common form of Jewish cryptogram, the Atbash Cipher was a simple substitution code based on the twenty-two-letter Hebrew alphabet. In Atbash, the first letter was substituted by the last letter, the second letter by the next to last letter, and so on. â€Å"Atbash is sublimely appropriate,† Teabing said. â€Å"Text encrypted with Atbash is found throughout the Kabbala, the Dead Sea Scrolls, and even the Old Testament. Jewish scholars and mystics are stillfinding hidden meanings using Atbash. The Priory certainly would include the Atbash Cipher as part of their teachings.† â€Å"The only problem,† Langdon said,† is that we don’t have anything on which to apply the cipher.† Teabing sighed. â€Å"There must be a code word on the headstone. We must find this headstone praised by Templars.† Sophie sensed from the grim look on Langdon’s face that finding the Templar headstone would be no small feat. Atbash is the key, Sophie thought. But we don’t have a door. It was three minutes later that Teabing heaved a frustrated sigh and shook his head. â€Å"My friends, I’m stymied. Let me ponder this while I get us some nibblies and check on Remy and our guest.† He stood up and headed for the back of the plane. Sophie felt tired as she watched him go. Outside the window, the blackness of the predawn was absolute. Sophie felt as if she were being hurtled through space with no idea where she would land. Having grown up solving her grandfather’s riddles, she had the uneasy sense right now that this poem before them contained information they still had not seen. There is more there, she told herself. Ingeniously hidden†¦ but present nonetheless. Also plaguing her thoughts was a fear that what they eventually found inside this cryptex would not be as simple as† a map to the Holy Grail.† Despite Teabing’s and Langdon’s confidence that the truth lay just within the marble cylinder, Sophie had solved enough of her grandfather’s treasure hunts to know that Jacques Sauniere did not give up his secrets easily. How to cite The Da Vinci Code Chapter 68-72, Essay examples

The Bishops Candlestick free essay sample

The one-act play â€Å"The Bishop’s Candlesticks† is McKinnel’s adaptation of the opening chapter of Victor Hugo’s celebrated novel Les Miserable. The play is based on the concept that no man is a born offender. It is the embodiment of a true Christian. The Bishop has all the virtues which a bishop ought to have he is selfless, kind, generous and charitable. He has a childlike innocence and does not understand any ‘dupe’. His absolute faith in God has made him fearless. The convict’s treats to kill him fail to unnerve him. He hates sin but loves sinners. The way he restores the convict’s faith in Christianity is remarkable. Even the convict recognizes his goodness towards the end of theplay, â€Å"†¦ but somehow I I †¦ know you are good†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He is the most adorable character in the play. No wonder person calls him the best man in the whole of France. Love and Compassion: The play dramatically depicts how the love and the compassion of the Bishop brought about a change of heart in a convict and turned him into a man of promise for a good life. The Bishop was a kind-hearted man who followed the teachings of Jesus Christ in the true spirit. Besides being a true Christian he was also an ardent humanist. He was ready to sacrifice everything to help the needy people. Even after selling all, he had, for others, he felt sorry that he could do so little whereas the world had so much suffering. He sold his saltcellars and gave the money to Mere Gringoire so that the latter might pay his rent to the bailiff. His sister. Persome was how ever a worldly woman, neither as self-less as her brother nor so noble. She did not like her brother to live for others and not for himself. She thought that people took an unfair advantage of his charitable nature. But the Bishop thought that if the people pretended to be in distressed and deceived him, then they are the poorer in spirit and not he. His door was never shut and it was opened for everybody. A man is what we think him to be: One night when the Bishop was about to go to bed, a convict entered the house. At the point of his knife he demanded food from the Bishop. The Bishop was unruffled. He called Persome and asked her to give some supper to the convict. The convict wondered why the Bishop kept his doors and windows open and whether or not he was afraid of thieves and robbers. The Bishop told them that he was not afraid but that he was sorry for them, as they were only poor sufferers. He treated the convict with all love and respect as he regarded him too as a sufferer. He regarded him as a fellowman and a friend. His attitude had some effect on the convict. If we treat a man as a beast, then he becomes a beast. If we treat a beast as a man then it becomes a man. A man is what we think him to be. Society with its Wrong Attitude: The convict told the Bishop how he was caught by the police while he stole some food for his ill and starving wife. He was caught and sentenced to ten years in prison. The authorities did not pat any heed to the fact that he had stolen only to feed his ill and starving wife, Jeanette. They regarded him as a born criminal and treated him like a beast for ten years. Then one day he escaped but the society treated him no better. As he was a prisoner, nobody would give him any job. The police hunted him down. He was running away from them starving. So he stole again for food. Thus, society with its wrong attitude, did not give him a chance to lead a good life. Then he entered the house of the Bishop as he was hungry. Silver Candlesticks Stolen: The kind Bishop was touched and gave him a bed to sleep on. The Bishop went to sleep. Left alone on his bed, the convict could not resist the temptation to steal the silver candlesticks of the Bishop. He took them and went out of the house. As he went out, the door slammed. Persome got up at the sound and found out that the convict had stolen the silver candlesticks and had gone away. The Bishop was sorry to lose the candlesticks as they were given to him by his mother. But like a true Christian, he felt that he was responsible for the convict’s behaviour. By keeping them before him, he had led him into temptation. The Bishop thought that he used to value the candlesticks very highly. It is a sin to get addicted to wealth. Lastly, the candlesticks might be of some use to the convict and what had happened had happened for the good. Overwhelmed by the Love of the Bishop: But the convict was arrested by the gendarmes along with the candlesticks. They recognized the candlesticks of the Bishop and brought him back to him. But the Bishop told that the accused was his friend and that he himself had given the candlesticks to him. The olice sergeant released the convict and went away. The convict was overwhelmed by the love of the Bishop and now he is convinced that the Bishop was kind and loving. He regained his faith that there can be goodness in men. He was sorry that he had stolen the candlesticks. He felt that he was once again a human being and not a beast. The kind Bishop told him of the secret road to Paris and gave him the candlesticks . He asked him to remember that the body of man is the temple of God. The convict was already a changed man and he promised to remember the Bishops’ last words and he went away. Conclusion: The Bishop is a very noble person, who is always ready to help anyone in distress. The doors of his house are always open. But his sister Persona is materialistic. She feels that the simplicity and nobility of the bishop is misused by the people. He is often cheated and taken undue advantage of. Mere Gringoire, the old women who lives on the top of the hill and does no work made such a fool of the bishop by making him sell his silver salt cellars to pay her rent. It is the circumstances that force convict to be so. Punishment or conviction is not the way to reform an offender or a convict. It is charity, faith, hope, sympathy and forgiveness that are needed to regain the ‘lost soul’in a man. In the play the convict says to the Bishop, ‘I was a man. Now I’m not a man,’ but upto the end, he says you have made me feel that it is just as if something had come into me-as if I were a man again and not a wild beast. ’ The final message is in the words, ‘This poor body is the temple of the Living God. The bishop succeeds in reforming the hardened convict and tells him that the human heart is the abode of God. Character Sketch Sample Response â€Å"The Bishop’s Candlesticks† The Bishop, in the play â€Å"The Bishop’s Candlesticks† by Norman McKinnel, is a caring, forgiving and religious man. Character is a person whose actions create a selection; traits describe a character’s personality. The Bishop is a religious leader and lives with his sister Persome in the early 19th century. To begin, a character trait for the Bishop is caring. The first example that shows his caring nature is when we learn he has sold his expensive salt sellars to help Mere Gringoire pay her rent. Secondly, he proves his caring nature when he gives his warm blanket to their house helper Marie in order for her to stay warm. Persome, his sister, tries to convince him that he would need to keep it for himself; he insists that Maire will otherwise find it cold. These examples prove the Bishop is a caring individual. Another trait to describe the Bishop is forgiving. First, he forgives the convict for threatening him with a knife upon entering his home. The Bishop demonstrates forgiveness by offering him a place to sleep for the night once he has eaten and relaxed. Secondly, the Bishop forgives the convict for stealing his silver candlesticks. He convinces the police to let him go as well as lets him leave with the candlesticks in the end. Finally, the Bishop is religious. An example of his religious nature is when he makes the sign of the cross while bidding Persome goodnight. It is obvious that he never forgets his faith. As well, the Bishop demonstrates his religious character at the very end of the play when he bids goodbye to the convict. After the ordeal he has just been through, his first response once the convict leaves is to kneel at the window and pray; his religious nature always at the forefront. To summarize, the Bishop is a dynamic character who is caring, forgiving and religious.

V for Vendetta Case Study Essay Example

V for Vendetta Case Study Essay The society in the movie â€Å"V for vendetta† is politically anti-liberal because the features of their society are not like a politically liberal one. A politically liberal society would have proper human rights, as well as a proper democracy. The society is politically anti-liberal because it violates the citizen’s human rights, and does not resemble a liberal society. A political society has support for constitution, democracy, fair elections, human rights, capitalism, and free trade. Their society is based on the ideas of Thomas Hobbes, when they deny freedom for security. Which is demonstrated when make citizens feel that their freedom for security has been compromised. If they live in a world filled with fear, and terror, they cannot feel free. They are forced to be obedient and loyal to the high chancellor. The citizens must live with a lower standard of security, because of the high chancellor’s control over them. The high chancellor can control individuals by using techniques such as a secret police. Their society is based on the ideas of Machiavelli, when they use fear and terror to create loyalty and obedience from the people. Which is demonstrated when they use secret police to control when people may be outside during day or night. The society has many cameras which infringe people’s privacy. The television is always spewing propaganda. They also abduct people who are not obedient or defy the wishes of the high chancellor. They use the fear that can be instilled by such methods, to forcibly create loyalty and obedience. If the citizens refuse to be obedient, in most cases the secret police would resort to violence. We will write a custom essay sample on V for Vendetta Case Study specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on V for Vendetta Case Study specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on V for Vendetta Case Study specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The society can also be seen as Draconian, when they do not allow freedom of thought, music, or art. The high chancellor is fearful about people having their own thoughts, because they may prove to oppose his own beliefs. The government is completely invasive. The society that the citizens live in is Orwellian, because the high chancellor has complete control over their lives. The society has many cameras’ monitoring all its inhabitants. This limits the freedoms of all individuals while enabling the government to have full control. With the invasion of privacy that the society uses, they can control all aspects of a person’s life. The individual rights of the citizens are denied, when the state takes away those rights, and controls the media in order to stay in power. When the bishop tries to rape that girl, he is violating human rights. They also do not allow same sex marriages. This is an example of another aspect life that the government controlled. The state also imposed curfews on the citizens, once again, restricting their freedom. They also had concentration camps, where the homosexuals, Muslims, terrorists, immigrants, and disease-ridden degenerates were contained, and were used to test government bio weapons. Thomas Hobbes social contract theory includes various assumptions about human nature. There is evidence of a social contract is when all the citizens comply with the wishes of the state. When they realized that the state was no longer able to contain their own needs. They marched onto the streets, wearing masks that were sent to their homes. The citizens made an effort to help change the society to suit their needs. This would the change that they needed, to live their life in a freer manner. A flaw I found in the totalitarian society is that when a leader controls all the important aspects of an individual’s life. It easily violates human rights, and creates problems for the people. This will result in revolution. Like the movie, people in the past have responded to such societies by revolting. When totalitarianism denies a society of human rights, as well as many other liberal aspects, the citizens will not enjoy it.

How to Write an Education Essay A Complete Guide

How to Write an Education Essay A Complete Guide Education is a very broad academic field, including a number of smaller disciplines that deal with completely different and often unrelated aspects of education, such as educational psychology, methodology of education, philosophy of education, educational sociology, educational technology and so on. All of them, in the long run, have the same purpose but require vastly different competencies from a student. That is why when writing an education essay one has to be very careful when defining the subject matter of one’s work so as to clearly delineate it from all the aspects of educational science that are not relevant in this particular case. In this education essay writing guide, we will cover everything you need to know to start writing quality education essays without having to redo them from scratch multiple times. Step #1: Choose a Topic that Our Writers Suggest As can be clearly seen from mere enumeration of education-related disciplines, the choice of topics to cover is immense. However, it can be somewhat limited if your teacher or professor tells you to write about a particular subdiscipline. Anyway, it is the underlying principle that is important, so here are some suggestions to help you select a topic that will work in your favor: Try finding an original topic. When we start talking about education, a few topics immediately jump to mind. Usefulness of school uniforms, the viability of testing as an evaluation method, efficiency of the traditional grading system, the usual stuff. Unless you have a really interesting and unusual take on one of them (and you probably don’t), avoid choosing them, because more than a half of your class is bound to write something along these lines, and your teacher/professor is already sick and tired of reading about these things. Try choosing something more original, and your teacher will give you a higher grade out of sheer gratitude; Try writing about a controversial issue. Things like bullying, armed security in educational institutions, payment to college athletes, use of metal detectors at schools and other similar subjects unfailingly cause violent discussions between people with diametrically opposite views and are usually interesting to read about; Follow the guidelines given by your tutor. Not all topics are appropriate in all situations, and your teacher may specifically require you to either avoid certain subjects or, on the contrary, to choose your topic from among a number of predefined areas; Stay away from both too narrow and too broad topics. An overly broad topic (e.g., â€Å"History of College Education in the USA†) won’t allow you to achieve any depth in your research, especially when limited by such a small assignment as an essay. Too narrow a topic will be boring to write and read and extremely difficult to research to boot – you simply won’t find enough sources; Check if you have access to the necessary resources. It is a much better decision to look for information sources before you’ve committed to a topic than to find out there isn’t enough material after you’ve started writing. Here are some examples so that you can better see what you should be after: Male and Female Bullies: How They Act and How School Staff Treats Them? Homework in Elementary Schools: Is It a Viable Teaching Method? Cursive Writing: A Relic of the Past or a Necessary Skill to Be Taught in Schools? Why English-Speaking Students Should Learn a Second Language; Traditional and Online Education: Strong and Weak Points; Armed Security in Schools: A Necessary Measure or Inappropriate Militarization of Learning Environment? Step #2: Gather Information You should carry out the preliminary steps in this direction even before you commit to a topic – this will prevent you from landing yourself with a subject that doesn’t have enough sources to draw upon. However, this isn’t usually a problem when you write an essay, because it is a relatively small assignment that doesn’t need a lot of sources to be credible. On average, you will need one source per page but no less than 3 to 5 (in case your essay has a small number of pages). The first thing you should look for in a source is its credibility – you cannot just take a random blog post ranting about the state of modern education and call it a reliable source of information on the subject. The hierarchy of credibility is complex and difficult to grasp at a glance. For now, it would be enough to remember the articles and essays in peer-reviewed journals and magazines are the best, books follow them in reliability (although you have to look out for authors’ agendas), and the rest (websites, mass media, video) should be used with caution. Here are some suggestions on how you can locate high-quality sources without digging through your entire college library: Use specialized databases and search engines. The Internet offers numerous databases and research-focused search engines that make finding useful information much easier than if you do a general-purpose search like Google. Some deal with research in general (EBSCO, OAIster, Refseek), others are topic-oriented (for education you may use iSeek and US Census Bureau – the latter has all kinds of useful statistical information on education, arranged topically). Don’t forget that some of such databases are subscription-based – you may want to check which of them your college subscribes to before beginning your search; Ask those in the know. Teachers, librarians, digital media specialists – all these people can direct you to good sources, and it is their job. Don’t be afraid to ask – the fact that you are doing your own research doesn’t mean that you don’t have a right to look for assistance. If your school/college is large enough, you may even have a subject area librarian specializing in your particular type of research, which is even more useful. However, when asking for help, remember to be polite, tactful and don’t ask for too much – although tutors and librarians are here to help, they won’t do your work for you; The majority of your sources should be academic journals. You can locate the one pertaining to your topic through the aforementioned databases (EBSCO Host, JSTOR, Google Scholar). One useful feature these databases have is that they usually display how many times this or that source had been cited in other peer-reviewed sources, which can serve as a rough indication of how valuable and influential the source is. Of course, recent articles usually don’t have enough time to accumulate many citations, that’s why use this indicator with caution. Books can be another excellent source of information, as they often contain detailed and in-depth research on the subject. You can easily find them using your library search function (if you have trouble locating the necessary books, ask a librarian for help) or, for more digitally-oriented, via Google Books. With the help of this service, you can quickly find books related to your subject, read their previews and excerpts from them and get information on how to purchase it or to obtain it from a library. Websites can be used, but treat them with caution. Although the Internet is a treasure trove of high-quality info by specialists in their fields, there is much more unreliable data published by random people. It is extremely difficult to separate the wheat from the chaff, which is why it is better not to rely on online sources too much. You tutor won’t treat these sources as particularly valuable as well. Step #3: Prepare a Thesis Statement A thesis statement is, in short, the basic idea of your essay: how you intend to interpret the subject matter, what your take on the topic is, what you plan to prove, what claims you make. It is usually presented in the form of a single sentence at the beginning of your essay, most commonly at the end of the introduction. It is different from the topic: the topic shows the general area of your research (e.g., ‘Influence of Divorce on Learning Capabilities in Children of Ages 8 to 12’), while the thesis statement shows your point of view (e.g., ‘In this paper I will prove that learning capabilities of children of ages 8 to 12 are most often negatively affected by the divorce of their parents’). When writing it, follow these general principles: Keep it short. If you cannot bring the main idea of your paper to a single and relatively short sentence, it means that your topic isn’t focused enough. This is why it is best to prepare a thesis statement before you commit to a topic; Keep it precise. Don’t use vague expressions or flowery language. Make sure the reader understands you at the first attempt; Make sure it corresponds to what you are about to write. If you wander off the topic, you will certainly lose some credits; Ask yourself: ‘Is anybody likely to challenge my standpoint?’ If you promote a view that nobody in their right minds is going to oppose, chances are you merely summarize the topic instead of making a thesis statement. Step #4: Write Body Paragraphs It would immensely help you if you follow a plan when working on body paragraphs: therefore, you should make notes of which points you want to make, in what order and how you intend to support them. Another helpful practice is to use the same structure for all your paragraphs, something along these lines: Introductory statement; Elaboration; Evidence backing up your point; Your additional comments on the subject of the paragraph; Connection to the following paragraph. This way you can ensure the structure of your essays stays consistent and logical throughout its length. Some additional education essay tips you may find useful when writing body paragraphs of your education essay: Always backup your ideas with sufficient evidence. Holes in logic and reasoning is the first thing your tutor and peers will point out when the essay is reviewed; Maintain the rule of ‘One paragraph – one idea’. Don’t introduce more than one idea per paragraph and don’t repeat the same idea in multiple places – it doesn’t make the argument stronger, it simply creates redundancy; Refer to your thesis regularly to ensure you don’t lose your train of thought and to maintain consistency; Don’t just summarize the information from your sources, analyze it. Step #5: Write Introduction and Conclusion Introduction should be among the last things you write in your essay because it is heavily interconnected with the conclusion: basically, they repeat the same things, only in the introduction you describe the topic of your essay and what you intend to prove, and in conclusion you describe the topic of your essay and what you’ve managed to prove. Just keep them similar enough, and everything will be alright. Don’t try to write essay parts in the order they follow each other – chances are, you will have to rewrite your introduction written this way. Step #6: Proofreading The best practice is to set your essay aside for a few days before trying to revise it. This allows your brain to take a rest from work on this particular task, and you will view it with new eyes when the time comes, noticing more mistakes and being more critical about sentence structures and suchlike. Read the essay backwards, starting at the end, one sentence at a time. When you read your essay in its supposed order, you tend to skip over mistakes because you know how things are supposed to be; Read the work out loud. This slows you down and forces you to pay attention to each word, making you more likely to notice a mistake or a typo; Print out your work, preferably changing the font size or some other characteristics of your paper. By changing the way your essay looks you increase the chances of noticing mistakes; Ask somebody else to read your essay. For example, find a classmate with whom you will exchange your essays for proofreading purposes. Another person is always more likely to notice mistakes than you are in your own text. Just make sure you trust their judgment! Step #7: Formatting Compliance In most cases, education papers use APA formatting style, but you still should make sure and ask your tutor or supervisor what the guidelines of your particular college are. Bringing your essay in compliance with formatting requirements may be a long and tiresome job, but it is not nearly as frightening as it is sometimes portrayed. With the help of automatic citation generators, easily available style guides and assistance from your tutors and supervisors you can easily deal with it – just be attentive and patient. Conclusion Writing a proper education essay may be difficult for many reasons, not the least of which is procrastination. If you put off writing until the last possible moment, you are likely to find yourself frantically trying to catch up and not having enough time for any of the aforementioned steps. It is much more efficient to spread the process of writing over long stretches of time, without having to be in a hurry at any stage of the process.

ATP Life Assurances Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

ATP Life Assurances - Case Study Example While it sounds like it would take much time to monitor each IT project, the company already has formed a very solid routine for doing this every time it needs to. Each IT project is measured in order to make sure it is both efficient and effective while it is being developed, and after the analysis, either a red, yellow, or green label is placed on the system to demonstrate the status of the project. Some of the projects are actually analyzed more than once-these projects are those that are considered "more important" for a variety of reasons. Senior line managers, the Managing Director and chief operating officers are all provided with a monthly report regarding the status of projects that are valued at more than 250K and those that deal with important strategic content. Still, the company does even more to assure that the projects are successful. Another extra step is taken by ATP Life Assurance by using an investment-tracking database for each IT project in order to analyze costs as they proceed. Doing this gives the company members a chance to decide quickly whether a project should be pushed or pulled depending on the financial status and other items that are reported to the employees (Obrien and Marakas). I feel that these six key items are important because they will provide the stakeholders as well as the employees with a basic understanding of what each IT group concept needs to review for success. First, any project should always be initially organized, whether it appears that it may be initially successful or not. The key ideas and concepts need to be organized and keyed in by IT so that they can use the information for the future. The next key concept is to discuss the project, in order to make certain that everybody is aware of what is going on. This would also allow others to contribute their own thoughts or ideas to the project in order to make the project the best it could be. Next, the work flow is a very important item to consider. Work flow can make or break many projects, and a timeframe is always important to determine the success of a concept. How much time should be invested in it Is there a cut-off here When should the company give up on the concept (Seven Steps) Al l of this needs to be taken into consideration. It is also important for the company to set reasonable objectives when forming a project. If a company shoots for notions that are too high, it can devastate its feelings of morale and have an overall negative effect on its employees. However, if it focuses on achieving something much below what it might have been able to do, it is not performing to its full, effective value, which is also a problem. Some kind of happy medium must be found in this concept in order to resolve the

Operations & Technology Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Operations & Technology Management - Case Study Example This is part of Peter Salisbury's move to reorganize and decentralize. His program "Return to Recovery Program" tried to centralize 77% of tasks in the UK for easy control and communication. He was successful in accelerating the design-to-store lead-time. He also came out with a trendy line for clothing labeled "Autograph" the "real clothes for women." Despite all these efforts and a 20Million advertising campaign, M&S failed. It could not compete with Inditex and its brand Zara. Zara who does not spend on advertising but relies solely on window displays, proper positioning of stores, giving the people what they want and at the fastest possible time. Zara has its designers combing streets and asking the people what they want. It has a machinery that can produce a copy of a competitor design in a week and make new designs every two weeks. Zara is able to this and still pass the product to the consumer at reasonable costs. According to Merrill Lynch, M&S failed because it did not chang e the root causes of poor performance which is, "heavy organization, limited flexibility and over centralization."

Out of her mind women writing on madness by rebecca shannonhouse Essay - 1

Out of her mind women writing on madness by rebecca shannonhouse - Essay Example ses of â€Å"Renee† and Slater, the terror is created in the mind of the patient, part of her delusional state itself rather than something inflicted upon her by the outside world. Despite knowing that their anxieties are not based on anything in reality, neither woman can shake the fear or the depression which pervade their lives. All of the stories discuss various treatments they received, as well as their responses. Ward goes into detail great about shock therapy from the dissociated perspective of her protagonist Virginia, but the most common treatments discussed are medications. In the case of Slater’s Black Swans, the treatment (Prozac) is credited with â€Å"saving† the patient. (Shannonhouse, 146) The opposite is true of Millet’s The Loony Bin Trip, in which the medications are given to women against their will, controlling them with terrifying hallucinations, physical side effects of medications or physical restraint. Whether they appreciated their therapies or not, the medications had a profound impact on each of the women presented. In The Snake Pit by Mary Jane Ward, the narrator Virginia relates her depression and confusion using short words and choppy sentences. Her words are bleak, and her thoughts move haphazardly from one to another with little to hold them together. Virginia asks for advice about what to do from her real friends but they cant help her so she asks in her mind. Her delusions are no more helpful than real people: Dear Emily Post: Is it proper to go out park-sitting in a hoover apron? Answer: This is a custom entirely unknown to me, but if it is the general practice in your community it would be well not to be conspicuous. I assume the hoover apron is always fresh and that you would not lap the clean side over the soiled side and attempt in that way to maintain a false front. (Shannonhouse, 62) This stream of consciousness style of writing conveys clearly the confusion and dissociation Virginia experiences, both before and

Grices Four Maxims

Grices Four Maxims Grice has proposed four maxims for conversation. Firstly, Grice proposes two maxims under the umbrella of quantity. Speakers have to make their contribution as informative as is required and should not make their contribution more informative than is required. These two maxims are clearly related to the amount of information given between the speakers in their conversation or communication. Grice indicates that the amount of information between the speakers is necessary to let the communication goes on. Speakers need to avoid superfluous information through communication. Clearly, these two maxims are implicitly related to each other. A simple example is A man stops his vehicle in the middle of the road to briefly ask you for directions. He may ask Where is the post office?, the listener may say Not far or Continue on, and make the second left up there. Youll see it (Jacob. 2001, 77). Clearly, the second response is more related to the maxim of quantity. Secondly, Grice posits maxim of quality which indicates that Try to make your contribution one that is true; but, this is separated into two specific maxims: 1. do not say what you believe to be false. 2. do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence. (Grice 1989, 27). These two maxims seem quite distinct. The former requires speakers to always say true things rather false things while the second requires them to have some adequacy of their responses. For example, a speaker may ask Should I buy my son this new sports car?. Speaker B may respond I dont know if thats such a good idea, his car runs fine or Yeah that sounds like a good idea, his car breaks down all the time (Jacob. 2001, 77). Next Grice adds another maxim called maxim of relation. Grice refers to this maxim by simply saying that Be Relevant (Grice 1989, 27). With respect to this maxim, Grice believes that speakers should add relevant input to the conversation being done. For instance, a speaker may ask How are you doing in school?. Speaker B may reply What fine weather were having lately! Or Not so well, Im afraid. Id rather not discuss it (Jacob. 2001, 77). Unfortunately, this maxim has received considerable criticism. Searle, Wilson and Sperber have all rejected and criticized this maxim. Searle added that though it is initially intuitive, it is ultimately problematic (Searle 1992, 14). Lastly, Grice also posits a fourth maxim which indicates that speakers should avoid ambiguity and obscurity of expressions during their communication. They also have to be brief and orderly. A good example is Can you take out the trash? Sure, but we need to talk about how we are assigning the chores around here when I get back. (Jacob 2001, 77). Grice pointed out that maxims of manner may be insufficient and gave it little importance compared to the other maxims. Grice writes that It is obvious that observance of some of these maxims is a matter of less urgency than is the observance of others; a man who has expressed himself with undue prolixity would, in general, be open to milder comment than would a man who has said something he believes to be false (Grice 1989, 27). Critics have argued that maxim of ambiguity is the most important one compared to the other maxims because of its direct relation to what is called equivocation. Grice (1989) also suggests that there are other maxims such as social and moral. He also presents four ways in which speakers violate the four maxims. These ways are violation, opting out, a clash and flouting maxims. Guo (2006) presents a simple explanation of these four ways. The explanation comes in order. First, a speaker may opt out of observing the maxim due to his/her unwillingness to cooperate with another speaker in the way maxim requires. Second, a speaker does not observe the four maxims due to the difficulty of conciliating a maxim with another at the same time. Third, a speaker may also fail in observing the maxim because of his/her intention to force the hearer to look for the meaning which is distinct from the expressed meaning. Lastly, a speaker intentionally violates the cooperative principles which results in lying. In short, these four maxims have come as an assumption to effective communication among speakers; however, speakers may violate these maxims which results in ineffective communication as Grice and his proponents have suggested. It is said that following the four maxims leads to effective communication. Here, the relationship between the four maxims and communication is discussed. Schoolfield (2007) asserted that Communication is considered the basis of Gricean theory. It is also considered the point of conversation as clear communication can occur by means of a dialogue. Conversation is used to send information from one speaker to another. The efficiency of this sending is determined by communication. Moreover, the similarity between Grices four maxims and the communicative goal of conversation, they require the cooperative principle to lead to effective communication. When one approaches conversations in terms of communication, the four maxims must be mentioned. For instance, if a speaker does not give true information during his dialogue while his aim is communication, this seems that he does not act in a cooperatively. Schoolfield (2007) discussed the relationship between the four maxims and communicatio n. He points out the first maxim Make your contribution as informative as is required, is necessary in communication. Speakers provide an amount of information to communicate the intended idea while others provide insufficient information as a violation to the maxim so that they will not achieve the goal of communication. Thus, if the person has the goal of communication, he/she must include relevant facts related to the topic of the dialogue. As for Do not make your contribution more than is required,, Grice (1989) believes that it is not necessary in communication. Culturally, this is clear in English-speaking countries where people find it desirable not to give excessive information during communication, as Grice notes, a waste of time (Grice 1989, 26). Communication requires do not say what you believe to be false, as there will be a failure in communication if one is not honest in the information he/she states. Schoolfield (2007) this maxim is far necessary in cooperative infor mation communication so that the information must not express something false. In addition, Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence, is an acceptable rule for communicators. Therefore, Schoolfield (2007) argues that there must be at least some basic level of understanding as to what can count as evidence or they may be very serious breakdowns in communication. Relevance maxim is most desirable in communicative conversations because when we receive certain information, communication requires responses that are relevant to the information given; however, it is sometime irrelevant in achieving the goals of communication. (Hintikka 1986 argued that relevancy is important in cooperative and effective communication; however, many other have reduced the importance of relevance to efficiency. As to manner maxim, as Grice states, Avoid obscurity of expression, it is also necessary for effective communication since one must have clear and coherent communication. Schoolfield (2007 ) believes that if there is not some clarity in communication, then much confusion will arise or increase for the listeners. Likewise, avoid ambiguity will be necessary for cooperative communication (Grice 1989, 27). Schoolfield (2007) explained that ambiguity arises due to two interpretations that come from one statement. Thus, the avoidance of ambiguity, with regards to effective communication, must only be followed when it can occur. Next is, Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity), (Grice 1989, 27). Schoolfield (2007) believes that brevity is a cultural norm and helpful in communication. Thus, while a consideration for avoiding unnecessary prolixity is acceptable, any issue of brevity being required for cooperative communication will be only decided within a conventional framework. Lastly, Be orderly (Grice 1989, 27). Schoolfield (2007) indicated that this maxim is not necessary in effective communication. Instead, he has given much attention to the speed of giving information ra ther the orderliness of giving information. The Gricen theory is believed to be true not just for conversation, but also for written communication. Cooper (1982:112) maintained that this theory is also common in writing and what Grice says about conversation applies equally to all communication. In conclusion, through this brief discussion of the four maxims and their role in communication, I can say that some of Gricean maxims are not necessary in communication while others are. Gricen maxims play a crucial role in communication. However, his theory is always argued by many scholars and researchers. First, its not clear whether the maxims work in other languages and cultures as some cultures such as Malagasy follow completely different maxims in their communication. In their culture, speakers are not willing to share information. They tend to evade direct questions and reply incomplete answers. Second, they are not a complete listing of the rules we follow in conversation; for example, there are also rules about, say, politeness, which are not addressed in his maxims. Third, the Gricean Maxims, despite their wording, are only meant to describe the commonly accepted traits of successful cooperative communication.

Henrik Isbens A Dolls House Essay -- A Dolls House Essays

Nora is a captivating character in Ibsen's A Doll's House. She swings between extremes: she is either very happy or immensely depressed, prosperous or completely desperate, wise or naive, impotent or purposeful. You can understand this range in Nora, because she staggers between the person she pretends to be and the one she someday hopes to become. Throughout the play, Nora is portrayed as subordinate to her male counterpart, Torvald. As most other men during this time, Torvald believed that women were not capable of making difficult decisions, or thinking for themselves. As the play progresses, Nora faces a life changing decision to abandon her duty as a wife and mother to find her own individuality. Even though Torvald is responsible for partial deterioration in their marriage, it is Nora's feministic beliefs, passion for life, thoughtlessness, and spontaneity that stimulate her ultimate plan to break away and shatter all that remained pleasant in Torvald's â€Å"perfect little d ollhouse†. Nora, the protagonist, has been treated as a "play thing" by her father and then her husband, Torvald. She is thought to be fragile and incapable of resolving any serious problems. The pet names like â€Å"lark†, â€Å"squirrel†, and â€Å"songbird† (pg.27) further diminish her status. He also neglected to give significance to her job as a homemaker. Yet her compassion and intelligence must be masked by her childish and supplicating behavior due to the expectations of her society. At the beginning of the play, Nora is still a child in many ways, listening at doors and guiltily eating forbidden sweets (macaroons) behind her husband's back. She has gone straight from her father's house to her husband's, bringing along her nursemaid to emphasize the fact that she's never been on her own. She's also never gained a sense of self. She's always accepted her father's and her husband's opinions. And she's aware that Torvald would have no use for a wife who was his equal. So she would act like a child and manipulate Torvald by pouting or by performing for him. She uses her own being as a lure for the things she wants in life. Her drive to reach her goals are far more powerful than her desire to care for the family, and life, that she created. When her secret is revealed, the reality of her status in their marriage awakens her. A... ... been reversed: he is the weak one, begging for another chance, and Nora has found strength. This notion suggested that ideas of male supremacy and middle-class respectability were changing. More female were feeling liberated enough to escape their boundaries and move on to more fulfilling lives. Your greatest duty is to understand yourself. At the beginning of the play, Nora doesn't realize she has a self. She's playing a role. The purpose of her life is to please Torvald or her father, and to raise her children. But by the end of Act Three their roles have been reversed: he is the weak one, begging for another chance, and Nora has found strength. â€Å"I have it in me to become another man† (pg.70), he exclaims as he pleads for another chance. She replies with thoughtlessness to anyone's feelings but her own by telling him that neither he nor their children were allowed to write to her. By the end of the play, she discovers that her "most sacred duty"(pg.68), is to herself. She leaves to find out who she is and how she can become gratified with her life. The sound of the door shutting as Nora leaves Torvald (pg.72) exemplifies the end of her role as his beloved â€Å"doll† wife.

Pioglitazone: From discovery to clinical practice Essay

The most common type of diabetes is Type II diabetes mellitus which occurs in more that 90% of the cases of diabetes reported (Thomas, 2013). Type I diabetes is not as common  and is caused by destruction of the islet of Langerhans due to susceptibility of an autoimmune destruction leading to a reduced amount of insulin produced and glucose intolerance (Feinglos,2008). Type I diabetes is mostly diagnosed in children and young adults. Unlike diabetes type  I, Type II diabetes mellitus is mostly diagnosed in older people and is caused by unhealthy lifestyles (Thomas, 2013). Type II diabetes is characterized by production of insulin which does not perform its function. It in turn leads to a situation referred to as insulin resistance. The patients will suffer from low levels of insulin which functions as   a component  for the regulation of body sugar (Feinglos, 2008). The number of islets of Langerhans in the pancreas is normal or somewhat reduced. It is mostly characterized by hyperglycemia that is associated with the insufficient or dysfunctional insulin present in the body (Thomas, 2013). Abnormal coagulation, hypertension and diabetic dyslipidemia are also commonly reported to signify the occurrence of type II diabetes mellitus. The increased number of obesity cases has seen the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus type II in teenagers and young adults (Feinglos, 2008). In cases when the patient is not obese, there is a presence of high fat distribution in the body (Feinglos, 2008). People suffering from Type II diabetes mellitus, unlike type I diabetes, do not need regular injections of insulin (Thomas, 2013). The management of type II diabetes involves the control of the increased levels of blood sugar. It is, however, important to note that the reduction of the sugar levels should not surpass the normal blood sugar levels. Because most of the patients are overweight, exercise, a proper balanced diet and reduction of weight is fundamental in the management of type II diabetes mellitus (Feinglos, 2008). Pioglitazone                  Pioglitazone is a drug belonging to a class of thiazolidinediones and is used in the management and of type II diabetes mellitus (Schatz, 2000). Since the body is unable to control the increasing levels of sugar in the blood, pioglitazone is used to increase the sensitivity to insulin (Feinglos, 2008). The drug, however, does not cure the diabetes mellitus but only helps the body in maintaining  normal  blood sugar levels. It is an oral formulation and can be taken twice daily with or without taking meals (Schatz, 2000). It is able to achieve this by inhibiting the hepatic gluconeogenesis process and also increase peripheral and splanchnic glucose uptake which implies that there is a minimal occurrence of increased blood sugar levels (Feinglos, 2008). It effects can be seen in the short term and also in the long-term (Schatz, 2000). The use of pioglitazone can be done according to the doctor’s prescription. It also important to inform the docto r before stopping the use or if any complications arise while using pioglitazone.The development of pioglitazone is based on the discovery of gene SOCS3 (Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling-3) (Schatz, 2000). The elevation of the gene causes interferon resistance that in turn causes insulin resistance in the liver. Depletion of this gene has been made possible by pioglitazone which results in the reduced insulin resistance in the liver although it may cause systemic insulin resistance (Schatz, 2000). The suppression of gene SOCS3 by pioglitazone gives it the antiglycemic and ant diabetic property hence it has bee used in the management of the two cases. References Thomas, M. (2013).  Understanding type 2 diabetes: Fewer highs fewer lows better health. Wollombi, N.S.W: Exisle Publishing. Feinglos, M. N., & Bethel, M. A. (2008).  Type 2 diabetes mellitus: An evidence-based approach to practical management. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press. Schatz, H. (2000).  Pioglitazone: From discovery to clinical practice. Heidelberg: Barth Source document

Colonized and Exploited People of Dune

Frank Herbert’s science fiction classic, Dune, is a stand-alone novel which introduces the world to the desert planet of Dune and the novels which follow, detailing the history of the people of a distant place and time. Dune is the only spot in the universe where the spice, Melange, is found. Dune has been colonized for 80 years by the House of Harkonnen. Dune is inhabited by the native Fremen and the soldiers and underlings of the Baron Harkonnen. The Fremen are lords of the desert and masters of the giant sand worms that live in the deep desert, but servants to the evil overlords.It is the presence of the worms that makes any travel or movement across those deserts very dangerous. The title of this paper refers to the Fremen and the Harkonnnen soldiers and people whose duty it is to keep Fremen in bondage. It is a paper on the colonized and exploited people of the novel Dune. The ongoing topic theme in the novel is the subjugation of the Fremen and how they are used, as the natives of most colonies are used, by their colonial masters. However, Herbert quickly shows the reader a different side of the Fremen.There is much more to them than what the Harkonnens or anyone else in the universe thinks. The Fremen are not the docile people it is thought that they are. They have secret stashes of weapons and water hidden in the desert and they are able to ride on the backs of the giant sand worms. It is made clear that they are waiting only for a leader who will organize them and send them against their evil overlords, the Harkonnens. Paul Atreides will be a holy warrior and a god to the native inhabitants.He will take their army and mold it to his will. This, in turn, will bring the Emperor of the universe and all of the leaders of the great houses to Arrakis, which is the real name of the planet Dune. They will come to protect their interest and the spice. They will underestimate the young Duke Paul Atreides and he will seize the Emperor’s crown for hi mself. Paul and the once exploited Fremen will rule the universe by overthrowing the House Harkonnen and forcing the abdication of the Padishah Emperor, Shaddam IV.The Fremen, led by Paul Atredeides, prove that oppressed peoples, in bondage to colonial powers, can hope to overthrow those tyrants and control their own lives if they never accept their slavery. The House Harkonnen, ruled by the evil Baron, pretend to give up their colony on Dune and turn it over to the House Atreides and its benevolent Duke, Leto, though they plan in secret to overthrow the duke and return to retake Dune as soon as House Atreides gets too comfortable in their new role. They are patient and they pretend they have left the planet peacefully and have turned over everything on the planet to House Atreides.Instead they have left spies and traps everywhere in the palace they have abandoned. Their plan is to return in force, murder the duke, his wife and heir and regain control of the spice. Their plan almost succeeds and they think they have retaken the planet. What they have not taken into consideration is that the Duke’s son and his wife escaped them, fled to the desert and took refuge with the Fremen. So while they managed to kill Duke Leto, his son, who is now Duke Paul, is alive and under the protection of the wild unexploited and dangerous Fremen of the deep desert.They also have not considered that Duke Paul’s arrival has been predicted by the Fremen holy women for generations and they accept Paul as their leader immediately. It is not long until they come to accept him as their god. The shield walls of the fortress are breached by the use of the Atreides family atomic weapons. With the shield-walls down the Fremen can enter, riding on the backs of giant sand worms and fight the Emperor’s Sardaukar army hand-to-hand in their favorite method of killing enemies.â€Å"Onward toward the Emperor’s hutment they (Fremen) came while the House Sardaukar stood awed for the first time in their history by an onslaught their minds found difficult to accept,† (451). The Emperor retreated for his life as his praetorian guard fought to the death to save him. He and Baron Harkonnen believed they held Alia, the young sister of Paul Atreides, as their hostage, while in reality she was almost as powerful as her older brother and never in any danger from them in any way. It was she who then kills the evil Harkonnen with a poisoned needle that she jabs into his hand.He dies instantly and House Harkonnen is without a leader. â€Å" (The barron’s) eyes bulged as he stared at a red slash on his left palm. †¦He rolled sideways in his suspensors, a sagging mass of flesh, supported inches off the floor with head lolling and mouth hanging open,† (450). Paul himself kills the last Harkonnen in a knife duel in front of the Emperor he is about to depose. The Emperor becomes a prisoner of Duke Paul and his Fremen, who were once the exp loited indigenous peoples of Dune, enslaved by their Harkonnen colonial overlords.To make the Emperor’s punishment complete Paul Atreides demands the hand of Shaddam IV’s daughter, and the crown of empire which he wears. â€Å"The Emperor turned a stricken look upon his daughter. She touched his arm, spoke soothingly: ‘For this I was trained, Father,’†(473). Paul not only takes the Padishah Emperor, Shaddam IV’s daughter in marriage, and the crown that he wears, he also exiles the Emperor to a remote planet. â€Å"You shall have a throne on Salusa Secundu,† Paul tells him at the meeting immediately after the battle, as Paul was dictating the terms (472).Paul also takes away the Emperor’s source of wealth and divides it up among his loyal servants. He leaves the former Emperor with little but a palace and a throne chair on which he could sit and think about the past when he ruled the universe. â€Å"(Get for me) the Emperor†™s entire CHOAM company holdings as dowry, â€Å" Paul tells his mother (473). Paul Atreides, the young son of Duke Leto Atreides, begins his slow path to becoming a god of the Fremen of Dune in an odd way, as if anyone has ever become a god in a routine way.Along with his mother he is taken prisoner when House Harkonnen betrayed the House Atreides and overthrew their rule of the planet Dune. They are to be killed by being taken deep into the deserts of Dune in a flying ship, and there they are to be abandoned without food, water or shelter. They will either die of the elements, starvation, dehydration or become the prey of marauding giant sand worms which prowl the deep deserts and are attracted to the noise of people walking across the sand. Paul’s mother, the Lady Jessica, concubine to the Duke, is a Bene Gesserit witch with many powers.She is able to bend the minds of most men to her will by using her hypnotic voice. As she and Paul are bound and gagged and in a flying machine headed into the dessert Paul tries to use his own limited powers on the two Harkonnen men. Jessica understands what he is trying to do and helps him. He is able to get them to ungag his mother and she is able to use her full voice powers to convince them to unbind her son. Paul is able to overpower the two men and bring down the ship in the middle of the desert.He and his mother seek refuge in a rock outcrop when leads into a cavern. There they find the Fremen of the desert, the natives of Dune, the people they are exploiting. These Freemen are seen as a non-violent group, mostly serving their Harkonnen masters as servants and doing menial tasks for them. But they are cunning and adept at surviving. They spy on the Harkonnens and do all they can to upset the trade and livelihood of their masters. Deep in the remote deserts of Dune there are far more of them then anyone realizes and they are militant.They plan to change the face of their world because they have no free water . They envision creating rivers and lakes and even rain. They have spent years trapping reservoirs of water which they plan to release when the time is right. They are a very religious people and their holy women, those who can see visions by ingesting the spice, Melange, have prophesied that a man will come to them and lead them in a holy war across the face of the planet and even beyond. He will be what they call the ‘Kwisatz Haderach’ and he will be able to see the future.Paul and his mother join up with the Fremen and Jessica becomes their Reverend Mother. Paul quickly moves to lead in all areas. He fulfills the prophesies and they begin to recognize his abilities. The Water of Life is a fluid in which a baby sandworm has been soaked and preserved (423). It is deadly poisonous to humans unless they have the training and the power to convert this elixir to a harmless by-product inside their bodies. It is drank by women who wish to become holy and take their place as Reverend Mothers. No man has ever survived drinking it.Jessica drank of the liquid, and it changed her to a Reverend Mother, but she was pregnant with Paul’s sister, Alia, at the time. It also changed her as well and so she was born premature and a full Reverend Mother, with all the knowledge possessed by all of the Reverend Mothers who had gone before her. Paul then decided that if he was really the chosen one he could survive the drinking of the water. He did survive and he came out of the experiences as the Kwizatz Haderach (424), a much more powerful being than a Reverend Mother, and fulfills all of the prophesies of the Fremen.They call him Muad Dib and begin a cult that results in his deification (350). As the leader and god figure of the Freman, Paul Atreides begins a holy war across the face of the universe. His Fremen are religious fanatics. Graves wrote that Claudius I said that religious fanaticism is the most dangerous form of insanity. Paul was aware of his godhe ad and he understood that he lost friends when he became more god-like. As the Freman began to worship him they no longer could love him as a human being. â€Å"I’ve seen a friend become a worshipper,† he (Paul Atreides) thought (455).The truth-sayer and Reverend Mother of the Padishah Emperor understands what happened and she understands Paul’s godhead. She sees what will happen if this group of Fremen warriors were ordered into space to swarm across the universe in a holy war for the sake of spreading the religion of Paul Muad Dib. â€Å"She glimpsed the jihad and said: ‘You cannot loose these people upon the universe! ’ (473). The circle becomes complete. In the beginning the Fremen are the exploited natives of a planet that had the potential to rule the universe. All it needs is the right leader, which it finds in Paul Atreides.It is also equally clear that the leader who is prophesied to arrive is the son of their new overlord, Duke Leto Atrei des. It is proven that 15-year-old Paul is the chosen one, the man who will come and lead the Fremen in a jihad against the evil Harkonnens. Although he arrives on Dune as the rich son of the ruling Duke, he quickly moves to identify with the natives and become one of them. Paul overthrows the House Harkonnen and deposes the Emperor. He gains control of all spice production and becomes a god in the eyes of the Freman, who throw off the colonial yoke of servitude.These warriors spread his religion across the universe and he is worshipped as god and Emperor. Bibliography Graves, R. I, Claudius New York: Vintage Press 1989 Herbert, F. Dune New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons 1999 Answers. com Fremen Retrieved 3-32-07 from: http://www. answers. com/topic/fremen Farsector. com 2003 Desert Power Retrieved 3-30-07 from: http://www. farsector. com/media/4_2003. htm wikipedia. org Paul Atreides Retrieved 3-29-07 from: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Paul_Atreides